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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1508 | |
| 2 | 1509 | |
| 3 | 1510 | |
| 4 | 1511 | |
| 5 | 1512 | - 1512: Europe - Nikolaus Kopérnik, better known as Copernicus, circulated a manuscript, the Commentariolus, which hypothesized that the Earth was a planet and planets revolved in circles and epicircles around the Sun, that the Earth rotated daily, and regressions in planetary orbits were explained by the Earth's motions.
- 1512: England - England begins construction of double-deck warships
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| 6 | 1513 | |
| 7 | 1514 | |
| 8 | 1515 | |
| 9 | 1516 | |
| 10 | 1517 | |
| 11 | 1519 | |
| 12 | 1520 | |
| 13 | 1521 | |
| 14 | 1523 | |
| 15 | 1525 | |
| 16 | 1527 | |
| 17 | 1529 | |
| 18 | 1530 | |
| 19 | 1532 | |
| 20 | 1533 | |
| 21 | 1534 | |
| 22 | 1535 | |
| 23 | 1536 | |
| 24 | 1537 | |
| 25 | 1539 | - 1539: England - Remaining monasteries dissolved; wealth taken and used for Oxford and Cambridge, among other things; result almost 1/4 of land in England given to new owners, creates buyer's market
- 1539: America - Hernando De Soto claimed Florida for Spain
- 15 Nov 1539: Glastonbury, England - Dissolution of Glastonbury Abbey; buildings torched and looted by king's men; Abbot Richard Whyting is executed by hanging atop Glastonbury Tor.
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| 26 | 1540 | |
| 27 | 1541 | |
| 28 | 1542 | |
| 29 | 1543 | |
| 30 | 1544 | - 1544: Europe - Tomatoes reach Europe. It is unclear where tomatoes may have been first domesticated but the two main possibilities are Peru and Mexico. The wild forms may have originated in either area, but it was the indigenous peoples of Mexico that first cultivated them. In fact, the common name tomato comes from tomatl, the word for this plant in the Nahuatl language of Mexico.
- 1544: France - Henry VIII and Charles V invade France
- 1544: England - Henry VIII orders English translation of Bible placed in every parish church; Litany said in English for first time; Pope declares Henry deposed, supported by all Catholic princes, particularly France and Scotland; Henry builds 70-ship navy, arms people, fortifies coast
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| 31 | 1546 | - 1546: England - Girolamo Fracastoro published the idea that diseases were caused by disease-specific seeds that could multiply within the body and be transmitted directly from person to person or directly on contaminated objects, even over long distance; moreover, he proposed that variations in the intensity of epidemics could be attributed to changes in the virulence of germs
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| 32 | 1547 | - 1547: England - Henry VIII outlaws vagabondage; 9/10 of pop. estimated to be rural, average Tudor town = about 3,000 people; debasement of coinage leads to 25% inflation, further debasement by Somerset leads to prices almost double within two years, average person hardly affected but export woollen cloth trade doubles
- 1547: England - Edward VI, ruler of England to 1553. House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents.
- 28 Jan 1547: England - Death of Henry VIII
- 10 Sep 1547: Scotland - England wins Battle of Pinkie, Scots driven even further into French camp, Mary Queen of Scots escapes to France, marries King's son
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| 33 | 1548 | |
| 34 | 1549 | |
| 35 | 1550 | |
| 36 | 1551 | |
| 37 | 1552 | |
| 38 | 1553 | |
| 39 | 1554 | - 1554: England - Laws against burning heretics repealed
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| 40 | 1555 | - 1555: England - Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Archbishop Cranmer, are burned at the stake
- 1555: England - Michel de Notredame or Nostradamus published his book of prophecies Centuries Asrtologiques and Excellent er Moult Utile Opuscule a tous necessaire qui desirent avoir connaissance de plusieurs exq uises recettes ('An excellent and most useful little work essential to all who wish to become acquainted with some exquisite recipes').
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| 41 | 1558 | - 1558: France - Philip drags England into war with France, Calais is lost; Mary I dies of dropsy, leaving no heir
- 1558: England - Elizabeth I, ruler of England to 1603. House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn.
- 1558: England - William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), the Queen's closest advisor, assists Elizabeth in passing laws making monarch head of Church, making English prayer book only one, and generally laying foundations of Church of England as known today
- 5 Mar 1558: England - Francisco Fernandes supposedly introduced smoking tobacco to Europe.
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| 42 | 1559 | |
| 43 | 1560 | |
| 44 | 1561 | |
| 45 | 1562 | |
| 46 | 1563 | - 1563: England - The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican Church
- 1563: England - Statute of Artificers: planned recruitment and control of labour and wages
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| 47 | 1564 | |
| 48 | 1565 | |
| 49 | 1567 | |
| 50 | 1568 | |
| 51 | 1569 | |
| 52 | 1575 | - 1575: England - English trade booms (to 1585)
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| 53 | 1576 | - 1576: Arcitic - Frobisher and Locke search unsuccessfully for Northwest Passage (to 1578)
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| 54 | 1577 | |
| 55 | 1578 | |
| 56 | 1582 | |
| 57 | 1583 | - 1583: England - Cesalpino, in De Plantis, classified plants with seeds according to the number, position, and shape of the parts of their fruit.
- 1583: Italy - Galileo Galilei discovered by experiment that the oscillations of a swinging pendulum took the same amount of time regardless of their amplitude.
- 1583: Munster, Ireland - Colonised by English
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| 58 | 1584 | |
| 59 | 1585 | |
| 60 | 1586 | |
| 61 | 1587 | |
| 62 | 1588 | - Jun 1588: England - Spanish Armada - 60,000 troops, 30,000 sailors, 77,000 tons of shipping - sails against England, battle lasts one week, decimated by English then by gales
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| 63 | 1589 | - 1589: England - William Lee develops the first knitting machine.
- 1589: France - Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry II of France died.She is sometimes called the 'mother of French haute cuisine' because the Italian chefs she brought with her from Florence had a strong influence on the development of French cuisine. One of the things they brought with them was ice cream.
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| 64 | 1590 | |
| 65 | 1592 | - 1592: England - Plague in London and provincial towns
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| 66 | 1593 | - 1593: Italy - Galileo invents a water thermometer.
- 9 Aug 1593: England - Izaak Walton was born. He is mainly known for The Compleat Angler, or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation, which is one of the most frequently published books in English literature. It is a literary discourse on the pleasures of fishing.
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| 67 | 1594 | |
| 68 | 1596 | |
| 69 | 1597 | |
| 70 | 1600 | - 1600: England - William Gilbert, in De Magnete, held that the earth behaves like a giant magnet with its poles near the geographic poles. He coined the word electrica (from the Greek word for amber, elektron), and distinguished electricity from magnetism.
- 1600: London, England - Population of London about 200,000
- 1600: Sicily - The blood orange is believed to have developed by natural mutation
- 1600: England - The British East India Company was incorporated by royal charter. It was created to compete in the East Indian spice trade.
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| 71 | 1601 | - 1601: England - Poor Law Act passed, prompted by three successive poor harvests resulting in demonstrations by starving peasants; codifies previous measures, differentiates between able-bodied and weak unemployed; town councils began to tax citizens to pay for alms
- 1601: England - Essex attempts rebellion, and is executed
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| 72 | 1602 | |
| 73 | 1603 | |
| 74 | 1604 | |
| 75 | 1605 | |
| 76 | 1606 | |
| 77 | 1607 | |
| 78 | 1608 | |
| 79 | 1609 | |
| 80 | 1610 | - 1610: Kracow, Poland - Community Regulations of stated that bagels were to be given as a gift to women in childbirth.
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| 81 | 1611 | - 1611: England - James I's authorized version of the Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster
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| 82 | 1612 | |
| 83 | 1614 | |
| 84 | 1615 | - 1615: England - The first tea is imported to the west
- 1615: Japan- Furuta Oribe died. His original name was Furuta Shigenari. He was a Japanese master of the tea ceremony who studied under Sen Riky. His ideas influenced the tea ceremony, teahouse architecture, tea-garden landscaping and even flower arrangement.
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| 85 | 1616 | |
| 86 | 1617 | - 1617: England - The first one way streets were established in London. Seventeen one way streets were created to regulate 'disorder and rude behaviour of Carmen, Draymen, and others using Cartes'.
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| 87 | 1618 | |
| 88 | 1620 | |
| 89 | 1621 | - 8 Sep 1621: France - Prince Louis II de Condé, known as the Great Condé, was born. He was a French general who loved to hunt and had a passion for rice. Several dishes have been named for him, including Consomme Condé and Creme Condé.
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| 90 | 1622 | - 1622: England - James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs
- 1622: England - Weekly News, first English newspaper, published.
- 1622: England - Commission to enquire into decline of woollen trade
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| 91 | 1623 | |
| 92 | 1624 | |
| 93 | 1625 | |
| 94 | 1626 | - 1626: England - Francis Bacon died. An English statesman, philosopher and author of Novum Organum, a work on scientific inquiry, he died after having stuffing a dressed chicken with snow to see how long the flesh could be preserved by the extreme cold. He caught cold and died from complications about a month later.
- 1626: England - A large Codfish, split open at a Cambridge market, is found to contain a copy of a book of religious treatises by John Frith.
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| 95 | 1627 | - 1627: England - William Harvey was able to confirm his observation that the blood circulates throughout the body, which he inferred from the structure of the venal valves. The following year, in Exercitatio Anatomica, he published these conclusions as well as a description of the heart as a mechanical pump.
- 1627: Warsaw, Poland - The last known living ancestor of all modern domestic cattle (the aurochs) was killed by a poacher
- 1627: England - John Ray (Wray) was born. A leading 17th century English naturalist and botanist. He contributed to the advancement of taxonomy, and established the species as the basic unit of taxonomy.
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| 96 | 1628 | |
| 97 | 1629 | |
| 98 | 1630 | |
| 99 | 1633 | - 1633: America - Connecticut settled; Maryland founded by George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
- 1633: England - Bananas were supposedly displayed in the shop window of merchant Thomas Johnson. This was the first time the banana had ever been seen in Great Britain. It would be more than 200 years before they were regularly imported. In 1999 remains of a banana were found at a Tudor archaeological site on the banks of the River Thames. This would seem to date it 150 years earlier than Thomas Johnson's banana. A classic food mystery!
- 1633: Rome, Italy - Galileo was forced by the Inquisition in Rome to renounce his theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun.
- 3 Nov 1633: Italy - Bernardino Ramazzini was born. A physician, he was the first to note the relationship between worker's illnesses and their work environment. Considered the founder of occupational medicine.
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| 100 | 1634 | - 1634: Boston, Massachusetts - Samuel Cole supposedly opened the first tavern in the U.S.A.
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| 101 | 1636 | - 1636: England - Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 dot-com crash
- 1636: England - Mild outbreak of Black Death
- 1636: England - W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer.
- 1636: America - The Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established Harvard College (New College), the first college in the Americas.
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| 102 | 1637 | |
| 103 | 1638 | |
| 104 | 1639 | |
| 105 | 1640 | |
| 106 | 1641 | |
| 107 | 1642 | |
| 108 | 1643 | |
| 109 | 1644 | |
| 110 | 1645 | |
| 111 | 1646 | - 1646: England - Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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| 112 | 1647 | |
| 113 | 1648 | |
| 114 | 1649 | - 1649: London, England - The Commonwealth, in which England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660
- 1649: Ireland - Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions
- 1649: England - Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) confiscates land; House of Lords abolished; Charles II, meanwhile in exile on Continent, travels to Scotland, signs Covenant, Scots support him
- 1649: England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, ruler of England to 1658. Commonwealth & Protectorate.
- 1649: England - Nicholas Culpeper, Herbalist, wrote the pseudoscientific A Physicall Directory. It listed plants and their supposed healing properties based on the plants resemblance to the human body parts.
- 30 Jan 1649: London, England - Execution of Charles I
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| 115 | 1650 | |
| 116 | 1651 | - 1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
- 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660
- 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
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| 117 | 1652 | |
| 118 | 1653 | - 1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector
- 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
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| 119 | 1654 | |
| 120 | 1655 | |
| 121 | 1656 | |
| 122 | 1657 | |
| 123 | 1658 | |
| 124 | 1659 | |
| 125 | 1660 | - 1660: Furtwangen, Germany - Cuckoo clocks made in the Black Forest region.
- 1660: England - Charles II, ruler of England to 1685. House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from 30 JAN 1649.
- 1660: England - Two houses of Parliament and Church of England restored, land returned to rightful owners; 'Dissenters' born (Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, etc.)
- 1660: New Amsterdan, America - Asser Levy from Portugal, applied for a license to sell kosher meat. He was the first kosher butcher in the city that was to become New York
- 29 May 1660: London, England - Charles II, aged 30, rides into London, people go mad with joy
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| 126 | 1661 | |
| 127 | 1662 | |
| 128 | 1663 | |
| 129 | 1664 | |
| 130 | 1665 | |
| 131 | 1666 | - 1666: England - First European printed paper banknote issued
- 1666: London, England - The Great Fire of London began in the shop of the King's baker. After burning for four days, more than 13,000 buildings had been destroyed.
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| 132 | 1667 | - 1667: Medway River, Kent - Dutch fleet defeats the English
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| 133 | 1668 | |
| 134 | 1669 | - 1669: England - Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, the first notice of his calculus.
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| 135 | 1670 | |
| 136 | 1671 | |
| 137 | 1672 | |
| 138 | 1673 | |
| 139 | 1674 | |
| 140 | 1675 | |
| 141 | 1676 | |
| 142 | 1677 | |
| 143 | 1678 | |
| 144 | 1679 | |
| 145 | 1680 | - 1680: America - Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for oppressed Quakers
- 1680: England - Moves to remove Charles II's brother James from succession persist through into 1681 (because he married an Italian and converted to Catholicism) and replace with Charles's illegitimate son, also Charles;civil war between Tories and Whigs narrowly averted
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| 146 | 1681 | |
| 147 | 1685 | |
| 148 | 1686 | |
| 149 | 1687 | |
| 150 | 1688 | |
| 151 | 1689 | |
| 152 | 1690 | |
| 153 | 1691 | - 3 Oct 1691: Limerick, Ireland - The Treaty of Limerick allows Catholics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
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| 154 | 1692 | |
| 155 | 1693 | - 1693: England - Richest counties: Middlesex (with London), Surrey, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire; Poorest Counties: Cheshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland
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| 156 | 1694 | |
| 157 | 1695 | |
| 158 | 1697 | |
| 159 | 1698 | - 1698: England - Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses.
- 1698: Russia - Tsar Peter the Great begins taxing men with beards
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| 160 | 1699 | - 23 May 1699: America - John Bartram was born. A naturalist and explorer, considered 'father of American botany'; established a world renowned botanical garden in Philadelphia in 1728.
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| 161 | 1700 | |
| 162 | 1701 | |
| 163 | 1702 | |
| 164 | 1703 | - 1703: Epworth, Lincolnshire, England - Birth of John Wesley. By 1784, 356 Methodist chapels built in places lacking church
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| 165 | 1704 | |
| 166 | 1706 | - 1706: London, England - The Evening Post, first evening newspaper issued
- 23 May 1706: Netherlands - British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands
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| 167 | 1707 | - 1707: Great Britain - The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London
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| 168 | 1708 | - 11 Jul 1708: England - The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarde. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
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| 169 | 1709 | |
| 170 | 1710 | - 1710: Great Britain - A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
- 1710: Great Britain - Wooden panelling replaces tapestry as wall covering
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| 171 | 1711 | |
| 172 | 1712 | |
| 173 | 1713 | |
| 174 | 1714 | - 1714: Great Britain - Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole
- 1714: Great Britain - Quaker John Belles urges founding of hospitals as training grounds for medical students; Board of Longitude created, £20,000 competition for accurate maritime charts and maps
- 1714: Great Britain - George I,ruler of England to 1727. House of Hanover: Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. Proclaimed King under Act of Settlement.
- 1714: Great Britain - Rioting by Tory and Jacobite mobs commonplace in London (unemployed soldiers, craftsmen), passage of Riot Act, giving increased power to Justices of the Peace through to 1715
- 1714: Great Britain - During period to 1742 there are no big increases from population of about 5.5 million but the distribution changes: East Anglia loses; West Country, South and East Midlands, East Riding and North (except Tyneside) fairly static; West Riding and South Lancashire increase; West Midlands, Surrey and Middlesex grow rapidly with London (London 500,000, Bristol 50,000; Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham and Coventry, no longer sprawling villages, but still under 50,000); cause is immigration from cities and (in NW) from Ireland
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| 175 | 1715 | |
| 176 | 1716 | - 1716: Italy - John Lombe steals plans for silk manufacture, returning to England he and brother Thomas build vast factory on island at Derby
- 1716: Scotland - James Lind was born. Lind was a Scottish physician who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the seamen's diet to eliminate scurvy. The Dutch had been doing this for almost two hundred years.
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| 177 | 1717 | - 1717: Great Britain - Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended
- 1717: Europe - England allies with French and Dutch against Spanish, Spanish brought to heel in 1718
- 1717: Great Britain - Edmond Halley invents the diving bell.
- 1717: Great Britain - John Lombe in England invents a machine for 'throwing' silk which produces a strong twisted thread
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