Elisabeth Gerber

Female 1793 - Yes, date unknown


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Timeline

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UK - Gregor Mendel, in Versuche über Pflantenhybriden, interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles
UK - Alfred Nobel patented dynamite
UK - Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government
UK - Englishman Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo.
UK - J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener.
USA - Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth and dies the next day.
Finland - Nokia corporation established as a forest industry enterprise by mining engineer Fredrik Idestam
UK - Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery
UK - Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government
UK - Andrew Johnson president of the USA 1865-1869. Vice president under Abraham Lincoln, he was sworn in as president upon Lincoln's death.
UK - Reform Bill, working men given franchise
Canada - First independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
UK - Judge declares trades unions illegal
UK - The Salvation Army is founded
UK - First underground railway opens in London
France - Louis Pasteur published the germ theory: infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named vaccines in honor of Edward Jenner and his vaccinia virus
UK - Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
UK - Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic, Parkesine.
UK - Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun.
UK - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations
UK - Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
Australia - Women first given vote
USA - Abraham Lincoln president of the USA 1861-1865.
USA - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator.
USA - Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock.
USA - American Civil War (to 1865)
UK - Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament.
UK - Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
UK - Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power.
UK - Samuel Smiles' Self-Help published
UK - Derby establishes his second minority government
UK - Parliament passes the India Act
UK - Eraser fitted to end of pencil
UK - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine.
Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful.
China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade.
India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861.
USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel.
Crimea - Crimean War comes to an end.
UK - The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery
UK - Every county and borough required to employ police force
UK - Marriage and Divorce Act permits any man to divorce his wife on grounds of adultery, permits woman same but has to also show cruelty or desertion; beforehand, a special Act of Parliament was required for divorce
UK - Britons panicked by false rumours of Napoleon III's designs on Britain
UK - John Stuart Mill publishes Liberty
France - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation.
New Zealand - Population of New Zealand rises from less than 60,000 to 350,000 in the period to 1878
UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump.
UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power
UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published
UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.
UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum.
Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals
UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory
UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget
UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857.
UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington
UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government
UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established
Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851
UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success
UK - Window tax abolished
USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer
UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen
Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais
London, UK - Reuters opens news agency
Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin
Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861
USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent
UK - First machine-made paper bag
UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers
USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death.
USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office.
UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.
UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London.
UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act
UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years
UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform
USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.
UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade
UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854
USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848.
USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.
Ireland - Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years
UK - There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London
UK - General Enclosure Act, further enclosure prohibited
USA - James Polk president of the USA to 1849.
USA - American Elias Howe invents a sewing machine.
India - Conquest of Punjab and Kashmir (to 1849)
UK - Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species.
USA - Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention
UK - Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act
Yorkshire, UK - Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society - Chartist and Owenite workers of Rochdale open Rochdale Pioneers Store (cooperative) in Toad (T'owd) Lane
UK - Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track
UK - Englishman John Mercer invents mercerized cotton.
UK - Ten Hours Bill limited working hours for women and youths in textile business to 10 hours/day, passes thanks to Lord Shaftesbury's efforts during period to 1847
UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine
UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid
UK - First Christmas card
UK - First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London
UK - Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act forbids underground work for women and children under 10
China - Hong Kong annexed
UK - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator.
UK - The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken.
UK - The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister
USA - William Henry Harrison president of the USA. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1841.
USA - John Tyler president of the USA to 1845. He is the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president.
UK - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler.
UK - There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London
New Zealand - New Zealand annexed
UK - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint.
Australia - During period to 1853 convicts are still sent to Tasmania at the rate of about 4,000 per year
UK - Queen Victoria begins dressing the princes in kilts and sailor suits.
USA - First use of OK in print (in Boston Morning Post)
UK - William Henry Fox-Talbot produces photographs from negatives
France - Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography.
USA - Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization.
UK - Welshman Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell.
UK - First railway timetable published by Quaker Bradshaw
China - The Opium Wars until 1842, Britain forces China to take European goods
UK - The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism
UK - Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law
UK - Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor.
UK - Death of William IV
USA - Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841.
UK - English schoolmaster Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp.
UK - Victoria I, ruler of England to 1901. House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III
USA - Samuel Colt invented the first revolver.
South Africa - Boers leave British South Africa in search of independence on Great Trek (to 1840)
UK - Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts
UK - Commercial boom. 'Little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836
UK - Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller.
UK - Solymon Merrick patents the wrench.
UK - Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator.
UK - Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power.
UK - Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, resulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia
London, UK - Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster
UK - New Poor Law Act, object to make life in the workhouse far worse than in fields and factories
USA - Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine).
USA - Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent.
UK - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire.
UK - Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children
UK - Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church
UK - The first or Great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis
UK - House-breaking, sheep-stealing and forgery removed from list of capital crimes in England
UK - Commission created to look into inhumanity of transporting prisoners to Australia, another in 1837, transportation to New South Wales finally stops in 1840
USA - Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836.
UK - Age of Coal and Iron or The Railway Age, dooms canals and stage coaches during period to 1867. Leaders are mostly Quakers of Midlands and North: Peases, Croppers, Sturges
UK - Michael Faraday, in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo
UK - Swing Riots' in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities.
UK - The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
UK - Population of England and Wales now 14 million
UK - American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper.
UK - Death of George IV
UK - Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
UK - First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years.
Australia - Free migrants to Australia = 1500, by 1841 = 32,000
UK - Starving field labourers in southern counties riot for higher wages, 19 hanged, 481 deported to Australia
France - B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine.
UK - William IV, ruler of England to 1837. House of Hanover: 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.
UK - Royal Commission finds that mail coach average speed is 9 miles per hour
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   Date  Event(s)
1793 
  • 1793: Great Britain - Economic depression
  • 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts
  • 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery
  • 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815
  • 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South.
  • 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain
1794 
  • 1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.'
  • 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France
  • 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported
  • 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.
  • 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period
  • 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
1795 
1796 
  • 1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
  • 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies
  • 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon
1797 
  • 1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet
  • 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions
  • 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801.
  • 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.
  • 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine.
  • 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat.
  • 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland.
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
  • 1801: UK - The first British Census is undertaken
  • 1801: UK - Population of England and Wales now 10 million, Great Britain estimated at 11 million, biggest increases in North and West Midlands, London now 1 million plus, Manchester 137,201, Glasgow and Edinburgh 100,000 plus, England has 8 towns larger than 50,000, 6 of them in the North; Lord Dundas travels on Scottish canal in small steamboat - beginning of steamboat travel
  • 1801: UK - Tripolitan War 1801-1805. Barbary Wars: also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1801-1805.
  • 1801: USA - Thomas Jefferson president of the USA 1801-1809.
10 1802 
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16 1808 
  • 1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
  • 1808: Portugal - Battle of Vimeiro is a British victory; British casualties less than 40,000 dead
17 1809 
18 1810 
19 1811 
  • 1811: UK - Depression caused by Orders of Council.
  • 1811: UK - George III's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent
  • 1811: UK - Ned Ludd leads rioters who smash machinery, burn factories, followers known as Luddites
  • 1811: UK - Birth rate falls all over England during the next 20 years
20 1812 
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22 1814 
23 1815 
  • 1815: Europe - Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna.
  • 1815: UK - The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports
  • 1815: UK - Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
  • 1815: UK - England has now 2600 miles of canals, 500 in Scotland and Ireland; China clippers take 109 days to sail 15000 miles from Canton to English Channel; Britain's population estimated at 13 million; Britain imports 82 million pounds of raw cotton, by 1860 1000 million pounds; coal output 16 million tons (30 miillion by 1835, 50 million by 1848)
  • 1815: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp.
  • 1815: UK - Over the next fifteen years, five new states are founded along Mississippi Valley, mostly due to people fleeing Depression; more go to Canada, as many as 20,000 some years, frequently Scots
  • Mar 1815: Elba, France - Napoleon escapes, leads French in war once more
  • 18 Jun 1815: Belgium - Duke of Wellington trounces the French at Waterloo with timely help of Blucher (Prussia)
24 1816 
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30 1822 
  • 1822: France - First prototype Espresso machine
  • 1822: Ireland - Famine in Ireland prompts migration to US and Canada
31 1823 
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57 1849 
  • 1849: USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office.
  • 1849: UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.
58 1850 
  • 1850: USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent
  • 1850: UK - First machine-made paper bag
  • 1850: UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers
  • 1850: USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death.
59 1851 
  • 1851: UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success
  • 1851: UK - Window tax abolished
  • 1851: USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer
  • 1851: UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen
  • 1851: Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais
  • 1851: London, UK - Reuters opens news agency
  • 1851: Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin
  • 1851: Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861
  • Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851
60 1852 
61 1853 
62 1854 
63 1855 
  • 1855: UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump.
  • 1855: UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power
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77 1869 
78 1870 
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80 1872 
  • 1872: UK - Secret voting is introduced for elections
  • 1872: UK - Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act
  • 1872: USA - A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog.
  • 1872: UK - J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill.
  • 1872: UK - Period to 1896 sees three economic slumps and two recoveries, said to be due to imported foodstuffs from US depressing Britain's agricultural business
  • 1872: USA - Levi Strauss discovered rugged trousers for miners made out of sturdy brown canvas. Once this resource was exhausted, he turned to denim, which he dyed blue to become what is known now as blue jeans
81 1873 
82 1874 
83 1875 
  • 1875: UK - Benjamin Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal.
  • 1875: UK - Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms
  • 1875: UK - Collapse of British agriculture due to cheap grain from US, wheat acreage falls by nearly a million acres
84 1876 
85 1877 
86 1878 
87 1879 
88 1880 
  • 1880: UK - William Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government
  • 1880: South Africa - The first Anglo-Boer War begins
  • 1880: UK - British forests now decimated except for bits of the New Forest and the Forest of Dean.
  • 1880: UK - Number of agricultural labourers reduced by about 100,000 in last 10 years
  • 1880: UK - Englishman John Milne invents the modern seismograph.
  • 1880: UK - The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper.
89 1881 
90 1882 
91 1884 
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94 1887 
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96 1889 
97 1890 
  • 1890: UK - Starting this decade, women's clothing becomes less voluminous, lawn tennis takes place of croquet as means of meeting opposite sex, bicycle becomes fashionable
98 1891 
99 1892 
100 1893 
  • 1893: USA - Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zip to help a friend with a stiff back who could not bend over to do up his shoes
  • 1893: UK - Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords
  • 1893: New Zealand - First nation to grant women the right to vote
  • 1893: France - Car number plates introduced
  • 1893: USA - Grover Cleveland president of the USA 1893-1897.
101 1894 
  • 1894: UK - Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government
102 1895 
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